Cross-Cultural Psychology Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications

includes index and biblioraphy

Chapter 1 Understanding coss-cultural psychology .....1 What is cross-cultural psychology ? .....2 Basic definitions ......4 Culture .....4 Socirty, race, and ethnicity .....4 Knowledge in cross-cultural psychology .....8 Cultural traditionalism ....10 Empirical examination of culture .....11 Collectivism and individualism: Further research .....13 Cultural syndromes ....15 The natural science approach .....16 The social sciences approsch ......18 The humanities approach .....19 The ecocultural approach .......20 The cultural mixtures appoach .....21 The integrative approach a summary ......22 Indigenous psychology ......24 Ethnocentrism .....24 Multiculturalism .....25 A brief history of the field ......25 Chapter 2 Critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology The Evaluative bias of language: To describe is to prescribe .......31 Antidotes .....34 Differentiating dichotomous variabls and continuous variables: Black and white, or shades of gray? ......35 Antidotes ....37 The similarity-uniqueness paradox: All phenomena are both similar and different ....37 Antidotes .......40 The barum effect: One-size-fits- all descriptions .....41 Antidotes .....42 The assimilation bias: Viewing the world through schema-colored glasses ......43 Antidotes .....45 The representativeness bias: fits and misfits of categorization .......45 Antidotes ......48 The availability bias: The persuasive power of vivid events .....48 Antidotes .....51 The fundamental attribution error: Underestimating the impact of external influences ......51 Anidotes .....54 The self-fulfilling pophecy: When expectations create reality ........54 Antidotes .....56 Correlation does not prove causation: confusing what with why .......56 Antidotes ......60 Bidirectional causation and multiple causation: Causal loops and compound pathways .......60 Bidirectional causation .....60 Multiple causation ......61 Antidotes .......63 The naturalistic fallacy: Blurring the line between is and should ....63 Antidotes .......67 The belief perserverance effect: Don`t confuse me with the facts .....67 Antidotes ....70 Conclusions: To metathink or not to metathink .....70 Chapter 3 Methodology of cross-cultural research ......75 Goals of cross-cultural research .....76 Quantitative research in cross-cultural psychology .....76 Quantitative approach: measurement scales .....77 Quantitative approach: Looking for links and differences .....78 Qualitative approach in cross-cultural psychology ......79 Major steps for preparation of a cross-cultural study .....80 Sample selection ......81 Observation in cross-cultural psychology .....83 Survey methods .....84 Experimental studies .....86 Content analysis ....87 Focus group methodology ......89 Meta-analysis: Research of research ......89 A hidden obstacle of cross-cultural studies: test translation ....90 Comparing two phenomena: some important principles ........92 On similarities and differences: Some critical thinking applications .......93 Cultural dichotomies ......94 There are fewer differences than one might think .....94 Thereare more difference than one might expect ......95 Avoiding bias of generalizations ....95 Know more about the cultures you xamine ....97 Chapter 4 Cognition: Sensation, perception, and states of consciousness .....104 Sensation and perception: Basic Principles ....105 How culture influences what we perceive .....106 Perception of depth ....110 Are people commonly misled by visual illusions? ......110 Chapter 5 Intelligence ......135 Chapter 6 Emotion .....168 Chapter 7 Motivation and behavior .....195 Chapter 8 Human development and socialization .....222 Chapter 9 Psychological disorders ......252 Chapter 10 Social perception, social cognition, and social interaction ......287 Chapter 11 Personality and the .....320 Chapter 12 Applied cross-cultural psychology: Some highlights ......346