Discernment of Vocation Among the Candidates of Priestly Formation Through Spiritual Direction and Person-Centred Approach / Peter A.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................v
DECLARATION......................................................................................................VII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................ IX
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... XI
ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................ XXI
GENERAL INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1
CHAPTER ONE
DISCERNMENT OF VOCATION IN PRIESTLY FORMATION
1.1 MEANING AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISCERNMENT .......................................8
1.1.1 Nature and Need of Discernment................................................................10
1.1.2 Characteristics of Discernment...................................................................11
1.1.3 Stages of Discernment ................................................................................12
1.1.4 Process of Discernment...............................................................................13
1.1.5 Internal Factors of Discernment..................................................................13
1.1.6 External Factors of Discernment ................................................................14
1.2 BIBLICAL BASIS OF DISCERNMENT...................................................................14
1.2.1 Discernment in the Old Testament .............................................................15
1.2.1.1 Choose Life..........................................................................................15
1.2.1.2 Hearing the Word of God ....................................................................16
1.2.2 Discernment in the New Testament............................................................16
1.2.2.1 Discernment in the Life of Mary and Joseph.......................................17
1.2.2.2 Discernment in the Life of Jesus..........................................................17
1.2.2.3 Discernment in Synoptic Gospels........................................................18
1.2.2.4 Discernment in the Life of St. Paul......................................................18
1.3 DISCERNMENT ACCORDING TO CHURCH FATHERS..........................................19
1.3.1 Discernment and the Early Church Fathers................................................19
1.3.2 Discernment and the Monastic Life............................................................20
1.3.3 Discernment in the Mendicant Tradition ....................................................21
1.4 MAGISTERIAL TEACHINGS ON DISCERNMENT .................................................21
1.4.1 Vita Consecrata...........................................................................................22
1.4.2 Perfectae Caritatis.......................................................................................22
1.4.3 Optatam Totius............................................................................................23
1.4.4 Pastores Dabo Vobis...................................................................................23
1.4.5 Directives on Formation in Religious Institutes .........................................24
1.4.6 Gaudete Et Exsultate...................................................................................25
1.4.6.1 Discernment always in the Light of the Lord ......................................26
1.4.6.2 Discernment is a Supernatural Gift......................................................26
1.4.6.3 Ultimately, Discernment Leads to the Wellspring of Undying Life....26
1.5 HOW TO ACQUIRE THE ART OF DISCERNMENT ...............................................27
1.6 ROLE OF DISCERNMENT IN DECISION MAKING ...............................................28
1.7 ROLE OF PRAYER IN DISCERNMENT.................................................................28
1.7.1 Pre-Requisites for Discernment in Prayer...................................................29
1.7.2 Listening .....................................................................................................29
1.7.3 Seeing..........................................................................................................30
1.7.4 Response .....................................................................................................30
1.7.5 Action..........................................................................................................31
1.8 DISCERNMENT IN DAILY LIFE...........................................................................31
1.9 THE CONCEPT OF DISCERNMENT IN IGNATIAN APPROACH ............................32
1.9.1 Discernment of the Spirits ..........................................................................33
1.9.2 Spiritual Consolation ..................................................................................34
1.9.3 Spiritual Desolation ....................................................................................34
1.10 RULES OF DISCERNMENT OF SPIRIT ...............................................................35
1.10.1 The Operation of Good and Evil Spirits...................................................37
1.10.2 Storing Up the Graces of Consolation ......................................................37
1.10.3 Do Not Change Earlier Decision ..............................................................37
1.10.4 Patience in Discernment ...........................................................................38
1.11 REASONS FOR DESOLATION ............................................................................38
1.11.1 Personal Fault............................................................................................38
1.11.2 Time of Rest..............................................................................................38
1.11.3 Free Gift....................................................................................................39
1.12 SIGNS OF THE DIVINE AND EVIL SPIRITS........................................................39
1.13 THEOLOGY OF DISCERNMENT ........................................................................40
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................41
CHAPTER TWO
ROLE OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION IN FORMATION
2.1 MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION....................................42
2.1.1 Goal and Significance of Spiritual Direction..............................................43
2.1.2 Spiritual Direction, Director, Directee........................................................45
2.1.3 What Spiritual Direction Is Not ..................................................................45
2.1.4 Necessity and Usefulness of Spiritual Direction ........................................46
2.2 TYPES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION......................................................................47
2.2.1 Formal Spiritual Direction ..........................................................................47
2.2.2 Informal Spiritual Direction or Companionship.........................................47
2.3 STAGES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...................................................................48
2.3.1 Initiation......................................................................................................48
2.3.2 Exploration..................................................................................................48
2.3.3 Insight .........................................................................................................48
2.3.4 Personalization............................................................................................48
2.3.5 Orientation ..................................................................................................49
2.4 BIBLICAL BASIS FOR SPIRITUAL DIRECTION....................................................49
2.4.1 Spiritual Direction in the Old Testament....................................................49
2.4.2 Spiritual Direction in the New Testament ..................................................49
2.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION...................................50
2.6 THREE DIMENSIONS OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION...............................................51
2.6.1 Relation between Director and God............................................................51
2.6.2 Relation between Directee and God ...........................................................52
2.6.3 Relation between Director and Directee .....................................................52
2.7 SKILLS INVOLVED IN SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...................................................53
2.7.1 Empathetic Listening ..................................................................................53
2.7.2 Affirmation .................................................................................................53
2.7.3 Confrontation ..............................................................................................54
2.7.4 Clarification ................................................................................................54
2.7.5 Accountability.............................................................................................54
2.8 ROLE OF THE SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR.................................................................55
2.8.1 Spiritual Director as a Guide.......................................................................55
2.8.2 Spiritual Director as the Agent of the Holy Spirit ......................................56
2.8.3 Spiritual Director as the Healer...................................................................57
2.9 PRINCIPLES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION.............................................................57
2.9.1 Inter-Personal Process of Growth in Faith..................................................57
2.9.2 Fostering a Discerning Heart ......................................................................57
2.9.3 Communal and Ecclesial.............................................................................58
2.9.4 Provide an Atmosphere of Unconditional Love .........................................58
2.9.5 Facilitate the Work of the Holy Spirit.........................................................59
2.9.6 Immanent and Transcendent.......................................................................59
2.10 QUALITIES OF A SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR..........................................................59
2.10.1 Mature Personality....................................................................................60
2.10.2 Experience in the Spiritual Life ................................................................60
2.10.3 Competence in Spiritual Theology ...........................................................61
2.10.4 Prudence or Good Judgment.....................................................................61
2.10.5 Holiness.....................................................................................................61
2.10.6 Vigilance ...................................................................................................61
2.11 PRINCIPAL DUTIES OF THE SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR.........................................62
2.11.1 To Know the Soul that is Directed............................................................62
2.11.2 To Give Instruction...................................................................................62
2.11.3 To Encourage the Soul..............................................................................63
2.11.4 To Correct Defects....................................................................................63
2.11.5 To Direct through Progressive Stages.......................................................63
2.11.6 To Observe Secrecy ..................................................................................64
2.12 THE EFFECTS OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION........................................................64
2.12.1 Growth in Prayer Life ...............................................................................64
2.12.2 Trust ..........................................................................................................65
2.12.3 Gentleness.................................................................................................65
2.12.4 Forgiveness...............................................................................................65
2.12.5 Universal Love..........................................................................................65
2.13 ROLE OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION IN FORMATION ...........................................65
2.13.1 Self-Awareness.........................................................................................67
2.13.2 Self-Acceptance ........................................................................................67
2.13.3 Self-Appreciation......................................................................................67
2.13.4 Self-Determination....................................................................................67
2.14 HOLISTIC GROWTH OF FORMEES THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...........68
2.14.1 Growth towards Christ’s Likeness............................................................68
2.14.2 Growth towards Others.............................................................................68
2.14.3 Growth towards Nature.............................................................................69
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................69
CHAPTER THREE
PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN FORMATION
3.1 THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY .......................................................................71
3.1.1 The Difference between Psychotherapy and Counselling ..........................71
3.1.2 Biographical Sketch of Carl Rogers ...........................................................72
3.1.3 Historical Background to Person-Centred Approach .................................73
3.2 THE CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .....................74
3.2.1 Anchored in the Phenomenological Tradition ............................................75
3.2.2 The Phenomenal Field ................................................................................76
3.2.3 The Phenomenal Self..................................................................................76
3.2.4 Self-Actualization .......................................................................................77
3.2.5 How the Self is Formed ..............................................................................78
3.2.6 Development of Personality........................................................................78
3.3 GOAL OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH..........................................................79
3.4 MAJOR FOCUS OF THE PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH....................................80
3.5 VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE.................................................................................80
3.6 KEY CONCEPTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .........................................81
3.6.1 Congruence .................................................................................................81
3.6.2 Acceptance and Unconditional Positive Regard.........................................82
3.6.3 Empathy ......................................................................................................83
3.6.4 Non-Judgmental Attitude............................................................................83
3.6.5 Self-Actualization .......................................................................................84
3.7 DEFENSE ACCORDING TO ROGERS. ..................................................................84
3.8 ROGERS’ VIEW OF THE FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON ...................................84
3.8.1 Openness to Experience..............................................................................85
3.8.2 Existential Living........................................................................................85
3.8.3 Experiential Freedom..................................................................................85
3.8.4 Creativity.....................................................................................................86
3.9 POSITIVE ELEMENTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN FORMATION .......86
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................86
CHAPTER FOUR
PRAXIS OF DISCERNMENT THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION AND
PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN PRIESTLY FORMATION
4.1 NATURE OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ..................................................................89
4.2 GOALS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ....................................................................90
4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION.................................................90
4.3.1 Process or Journey of Integration...........................................................91
4.3.2 Service of Accompaniment.....................................................................91
4.3.3 On-Going Process....................................................................................92
4.3.4 Enlightenment ..........................................................................................92
4.3.5 Participation in and with Christ..............................................................93
4.4 BIBLICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PRIESTLY FORMATION .....................................93
4.5 PRIESTLY FORMATION IN THE POST NEW-TESTAMENT PERIOD............94
4.6 CHURCH TEACHINGS ON PRIESTLY FORMATION.............................................94
4.6.1 Council of Trent.......................................................................................95
4.6.2 Second Vatican Council..........................................................................95
4.6.3 Pastores Dabo Vobis................................................................................96
4.7 DIMENSIONS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ...........................................................97
4.7.1 Human Formation ....................................................................................97
4.7.2 Intellectual Formation .............................................................................98
4.7.3 Psychological Formation.........................................................................99
4.7.4 Pastoral Formation......................................................................................99
4.7.5 Spiritual Formation................................................................................100
4.8 CHALLENGES IN PRIESTLY FORMATION ........................................................101
4.8.1 Lack of Quest for God...........................................................................101
4.8.2 Lack of Faith and Trust in God ............................................................102
4.8.3 Lack of Proper Motivation....................................................................102
4.8.4 Lack of Inner Freedom and Courage ...................................................103
4.8.5 Lack of Consistency ..............................................................................103
4.8.6 Lack of Self-Awareness, Self-Acceptance and Self-Esteem............103
4.8.7 Attachment and Intimacy......................................................................104
4.8.8 Groupism and Competition...................................................................104
4.8.9 Lack of Good Relationship Between Formator and Formee ............104
4.8.10 Poor Family Background and Recruitment of Candidates .............105
4.8.11 Lack of Qualified and Committed Formators..................................105
4.8.12 Negative Impact of Mass Media ........................................................106
4.9 DISCERNMENT THROUGH PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .............................106
4.9.1 Accomplishing a Person-Oriented Formation....................................107
4.9.2 Building-up Mutual Trust .....................................................................107
4.9.3 Acquiring Autonomy.............................................................................108
4.9.4 Taking-up Initiative ...............................................................................108
4.9.5 Discovering One’s Identity...................................................................108
4.9.6 Accepting Candidates as ‘They are’....................................................109
4.9.7 Having Genuine Congruence ...............................................................109
4.9.8 Showing Acceptance and Unconditional Positive Regard................109
4.9.9 Showing Empathy..................................................................................110
4.10 EFFECTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH.................................................110
4.10.1 Fully Functioning Person or Priests...................................................110
4.10.2 Growth in Freedom and Openness ....................................................111
4.10.3 Transformation from Self-Centeredness to Other-Centeredness...111
4.10.4 Growth in Self-Awareness..................................................................112
4.10.5 Growth in Self-Acceptance ................................................................112
4.10.6 Growth in Self-Transcendence...........................................................113
4.11 DISCERNMENT THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION........................................113
4.11.1 Role of Spiritual Direction in Priestly Life.......................................113
4.11.2 Spiritual Direction in the Context of Priestly Formation................114
4.11.3 Effects of Spiritual Direction in Priestly Life ..................................115
CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................115
GENERAL CONCLUSION....................................................................................118
BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................123