The Crusades A Short History

includes index and biblioraphy

1 The Birth of the Crusading Movement: The Preaching of the First Crusade 1 Background 1 Pope Urban II 2 The response 10 2 The Course of the First Crusade 18 The first wave 18 The second wave 20 The third wave 34 The development of the idea of crusading 37 3 The Holy Places and the Catholic Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Antioch 40 The founding of the Latin settlements 40 The establishment of the Latin Church 43 Characteristics of the Latin Church 50 The contribution of the Latin Church 56 4 Settlement, Government and Defence of the Latin East, 1097-1187 61 Countryside and town 61 Administration 64 The crown and the lords 69 The defence of the settlements 77 The Battle of Hattin and loss of Jerusalem 84 5 Crusading in Adolesence, 1101-1187 88 The immaturity of twelfth-century crusading 88 The early crusades of the twelfth century 89 The crusade of Calixtus II 91 The crusade of 1128-9, the first proclamation of a political crusade, and Gratian`s Decretum 93 The Second Crusade 93 Low morale 104 The development of traditions 107 6 Crusading at its Height, 1187-1229 109 The Third Crusade 109 The crusade of 1197 118 Pope Innocent III 119 The Fourth Crusade 121 The Baltic crusades 130 The crusade against Markward of Anweiler 132 The Albigensian Crusade 133 Crusading in Spain 139 The Children`s Crusade and the preaching of the Fifth Crusade 141 The course of the Fifth Crusade 145 The crusade of Frederick II 149 7 Crusading reaches Maturity, 1229-c. 1291 152 Crusading thought in the mid-thirteenth century 152 The crusades of 1239-41 154 The first crusade of St Louis 157 Crusading in Prussia and Livonia 161 Crusading in Spain 165 Crusades against heretics 166 Political crusades 167 The second crusade of St Louis 173 Pope Gregory X 176 The failure to launch a great crusade after 1276 177 8 The Latin East, 1192-c. 1291 179 Cilician Armenia 179 Cyprus 180 Greece 181 The Italians 187 The Aiyubids 190 Antioch-Tripoli 191 Constitutional conflict in the kingdom of Jerusalem 192 The Mamluks, and changes in the Asiatic trade routes 200 The Mamluk Conquests 203 The destruction of the settlements in Palestine and Syria 204 9 The Variety of Crusading, c. 1291-1523 208 The range of options 208 Crusade theoreticians 209 The fall of the Templars 210 The Teutonic Knights in Prussia and Livonia 212 The Hospitallers of St John on Rhodes 215 Cyprus 217 Greece 219 Crusading in Spain and Italy, 1302-78 221 Crusading to the East, 1291-1370 224 Concern about the Turks 228 Crusades engendered by the Great Schism 230 The crusades of Mahdia and Nicopolis 230 Crusading against the Turks, 1397-1413 232 The Hussite crusades 233 The crusade of Varna 234 Reactions to the loss of Constantinople 235 The conquest of Granada and the invasion of North Africa 237 Crusade plans, 1484-1522 238 10 The Old Age and Death of the Crusading Movement, 1523-1798 241 The Reformation 241 North Africa 243 The eastern theatre 246 The Hospitallers of St John and Malta 251