Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia

includes index and biblioraphy

PART I: CONFUCIANISM AND CONFUCIAN EAST ASIA 1 The Evolution of Confucian East Asia and Its Cultural Legacies 21 The Notion of Confucian East Asia 22 The Historical Evolution of Confucianism in China 24 The Spread of Confucianism in East Asia 28 Patterns of Confucianization 39 Confucian Legacies in East Asia Today 40 Summary and Conclusions 49 2 The Confucian Asian Values Thesis: Theoretical Debate and Empirical Research The Theoretical Debate 54 Empirical Studies 65 Summary and Conclusions 68 PART II: UPHOLDING CONFUCIAN LEGACIES Confucianism as a Hierarchical Way of Life 73 The Notion of Human Nature 76 The Proper Way of Life 79 The Confucian Way of Life in Comparative Perspective 83 Cultural Preferences and Democracy 87 The Confucian Way of Life in Practice 89 Comparing Cultural Preferences across Seven Cultural Zones 97 Demographic Characteristics of Cultural Adherents 99 Summary and Conclusions 103 Confucianism as a Government of Paternalistic Meritocracy 106 The Confucian Notion of Government 107 The Essentials of Good Government 109 Virtuous Leadership 113 Principles of Good Government 115 Popular Attachment to Meritocracy 119 Popular Attachment to Paternalism iz3 Overall Levels of Attachment to Confucian Political Culture 126 Demographic Analyses 128 Cultural Preferences and Support for Confucian Tradition 132 Sources of Adherence to Confucian Good Government 133 Summary and Conclusions 136 PART III: ENGAGING IN CIVIC LIFE Communitarianism and Civic Activism 143 Recent Research on Civil Society and Democracy 144 The Confucian and Liberal Models of Civil Society 145 The Preferred Model of Civil Society 149 Demographic Analyses 158 Informal Association 161 Formal Association 167 Confucianism and Civic Activism 172 Sources of Informal and formal Associations 174 Summary and Conclusions 176 Familism and Civic Orientations 179 The Notion of Confucian Familism 181 Adherence to Confucian Familism 184 Interpersonal Trust 190 Tolerance 202 Civic-Mindedness: Endorsing the Norms of Trust and Tolerance 204 Familism and Civic Norms Sources of Shared Civic Norms Summary and Conclusions PART IV: EMBRACING DEMOCRACY Conceptions of Democracy The Notion of Democratic Citizenship Recent Research on Democratic Conceptions Democratic Values and Norms The Method of Analysis The Capacity to Recognize and Evaluate Democracy Divergent Conceptions of Democracy The Most Essential Property Demographic Analyses Confucianism and Democratic Conceptions Influences on Democratic Conceptions Summary and Conclusions Support for Democracy Recent Research on Citizen Support for Democracy The Conceptualization of Democratic Support Theories of Citizen Support for Democracy Orientations to Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes Orientations to Democratic and Authoritarian Processes of Governance Patterns of Mass Political Orientations Demographic Analyses Confucianism and Support for Liberal and Nonliberal Democracy Sources of Popular Support for Liberal and Nonliberal Democracy Summary and Conclusions PART V: FINAL THOUGHTS Reassessing the Confucian Asian Values Debate The Prevalence of Confucian Legacies Confucian Influences on Democratic Citizenship Reassessing the Asian Values Thesis Theoretical Implications