Bilingualism or Not The Education of Minorities

includes index and biblioraphy

SOMETHING ABOUT LANGUAGE Tie and Tool Language - a tie Language - a tool All languages are valid for everything Language and world view WHAT IS A MOTHER TONGUE? Definitions of a mother tongue Why is it important to define the mother tongue? Popular criteria Origin Competence (mastery, level of proficiency) Function (use) Attitudes Summary: one`s mother tongue may change Is it possible to have two mother tongues? BILINGUALISM OR NOT? The definition by origin Parents with different mother tongues One language in the home - another outside Definition by competence Definition by function and functional differentiation - diglossia Definition by attitude Two mother tongues = complete bilingualism - is it possible? How do we learn our mother tongue? The learning of other languages - what is different? The mother tongue - our roots TWO `LANGUAGES` Research into bilingualism: its applicability What do we mean by two different languages? Linguistic structure Mutual intelligibility, inter-intelligibility Social function Generalizing from research into bilingualism WHAT IS BILINGUALISM? Past and present views of bilingualism Who is bilingual, and why? Uni- and multilingual countries - different situations for minorities Bilingual Individuals Elite bilinguals Children from linguistic majorities Children from bilingual families Children from linguistic minorities Definitions of bilingualism Definitions based on competence Discussion of definition by competence Definitions based on function Discussion of the definitions by function Definitions based on attitudes (identification) .. Discussion of definitions by attitude Synthesis: descriptive profiles instead of definitions Different kinds of bilingualism Natural bilingualism - school bilingualism/ cultural bilingualism Elite bilingualism - folk bilingualism One code or two codes? What does "one code or two codes" imply The development of the distinctions - compound, co-ordinate and subordinate From a linguistic point of view - one or two systems? From a neuropsychological and neurolinguistic point of view - one or two barrels? The nature of the question The brain and bilingualism Labelling of languages What happens between input and output? Surface fluency and language as an instrument of thought (BICS and CALP) From the point of view of the psychology of learning, and of sociology What happens when a child is forced to function in cognitively demanding decontextualized situations through the medium of a less-well-mastered language? PLANNING THE EDUCATION OF PROSPECT! __ . - t t-t J What is and what is not bilingual education? ... Some typologies of bilingual education - Mackey, Fishman, Gonzales Fishman`s typology Gonzales` typology Monolingual or bilingual - relationship between method and aim 1 Different methods for different groups Learning a foreign language and learning a second language Children from bilingual families Limitations of case studies Some case studies Similarities and dissimilarities in the case studies - which principles do children follow? Practical hints Children from linguistic majorities Limitations Early immersion Late immersion vn Partial immersion An attempt to compare the effect of some important factors on achievement in language learning Medium or object? Functional action context or abstract context? Optimal age Summary: the weighing of various factors Children from linguistic minorities Background ...............................174 \ HOW IS BILINGUALISM MEASURED? Why should it be necessary to measure bilingualism Different ways of classifying the measurements