TY - BOOK AU - Peter, A AU - Peter,A TI - Discernment of Vocation Among the Candidates of Priestly Formation Through Spiritual Direction and Person-Centred Approach U1 - KT2019 23 PY - 2019/// CY - Bangalore PB - Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram N1 - BIBLIOGRAPHY Church Documents Catechism of the Catholic Church. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 2006. Catholic Bishops’ Conference of India. Charter of Priestly Formation for India. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1988. Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. Potissimum Institutioni (2 February 1990). AAS 82 (1990): 470-532. John Paul II. Vita Consecrata (25 March 1996). AAS 88 (1996): 377-486. _____. Pastores Dabo Vobis. Kerala: Carmel International Publishing House, 2005. The Code of Canon Law. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1983. Vatican Council II. Perfectae Caritatis (28 October 1965). AAS 58 (1966): 702-712. _____. Optatam Totius (28 October 1965). AAS 58 (1966): 713-727. _____. Gaudium et Spes (07 December 1966). AAS 58 (1966): 1025-1120. Books Allen, Joseph J. Inner Way: Eastern Christian Spiritual Direction. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eardmans, 1994. Anatharackel, Mathew. Psycho-Spiritual Dimensions of Formation for Priests and Religious. Bangalore: Dharmaram Publications, 2001. _____. Psycho-Spiritual Dimensions of Formation: A Study Based on the Writings of Carl Rogers, 2 nd edition. Bangalore: Dharmaram Publications, 2001. Antonisamy, F. An Introduction to Christian Spirituality. Mumbai: St. Pauls Publications, 2008. Antony, John. D. Psychotherapies in Counselling: Includes Theories of Personality. Dindigal: Anugraha Publications, 2003. Armstrong, Regis J., and C. Ignatius Brady. Francis and Clare. New York: Paulist Press, 1982. Aumann, J. Spiritual Theology. London: St. Paul Press, 1980. Barry, William A., and William J. Connolly. The Practice of Spiritual Direction. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1982. Bhavya. Indian Women in Religious Life: A Formative Approach. Trichur: Holy Family Publications, 2003. Bouyer, Louis. The History of Christian Spirituality: Vol. 1 The Spirituality of the New Testament and the Fathers. New York: The Seabury Press, 1982. Capuzzi, David. Counselling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions, 2 nd edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999. Cencini, A., You Shall Love the Lord Your God: Psychology of Encountering God. Bombay: St. Paul’s Publications, 1938. _____. The Sentiments of the Son: A Formative Journey in Consecrated Life. Mumbai: Pauline Publications, 1998. Cencini, A., and A. Manenti. Psychology and Formation: Structure and Dynamics. Bombay: St. Paul Publications, 1992. Conroy, M. Looking in to the well: Supervision of Spiritual Direction. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1995. Corey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 8 th edition. Belmont, California: Thomas Brooks/Cole, 2001. Dyckman, M. K. Inviting the Mystic, Supporting the Prophet. Mumbai: St. Pauls Publications, 1984. Engler, Barbara. Personality Theories: An Introduction, 3 rd edition. New Jersey: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Ezhaparampil, Manuel. Formation to Discipleship: Reinterpreting the Apostolic School of Formation to Consecrated Life in the Context of Asia. Bangalore: Claretian Publications, 2004. Fleming, D. L. The Christian Ministry of Spiritual Direction. St. Louis: A Review for Religious Publications, 1988. Frick, Will. B., ed. Personality: Selected Readings in Theology. Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishing, 1995. Gillon, Ewan. Person-Centred Counselling Psychology an Introduction. London: Sage Publications, 2007. Gratton, C. Guidelines for Spiritual Direction. Denville, New Jersey: Dimension Books, 1980. Green, Thomas H. Darkness in the Marketplace: The Christian at Prayer in the World. Indiana: Ave Maria Press, 1983. _____. Spiritual Direction and the Encounter with Christ. 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Changing Life Patterns: Adult Development in Spiritual Direction. New York and Mahwah: Paulist Press,1992. Lindzey, G., and Calvin S. Hall. Theories of Personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1957. Lonsdale, David. Dance to the Music of the Spirit: The Art of Discernment. Indiana: Longman &Todd Ltd, 1992. Lozano, John M. Discipleship: Towards an Understanding of Religious Life. Manila: Claret Center for Resources in Spiritual Publications, 1989. Maciel, Marcial. Integral Formation of Catholic Priests. Translated by Stephen Fichter and Francis Snell. New York: St. Paul Publications, 1992. Matson, Katinka. The Encyclopaedia of Reality. London: Paladin Books, 1979. May, Claudia. Jesus is Enough: Love, Hope, and Comfort in the Storms of Life. Minneapolis: Ausburg Fertern Publication, 2005. McMillan, Michael. The Person-Centred Approach to Therapeutic Change. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004. Merton, Thomas. Spiritual Direction and Meditation. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1960. Morneau, Robert F. Spiritual Direction: Path to Spiritual Maturity. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1992. Nelson-Jones, Richard. Six Key Approaches to Counselling and Therapy. New York: Continuum, 2001. Neukrug, Edward. Counselling Theory and Practice, 1 st edition. Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2011. O’Brien, Kevin. The Ignatian Adventure: Experiencing the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius in Daily Life. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2011. Pai, Rex A. Discernment: A Way of Life. Dindigal: Vaigarai Publications, 2000. Parente, Pascal P. Spiritual Direction. Indiana: Grail Publications, 1950. Parrot, Les. Counselling and Psychotherapy. Oregon: Thomson Books, 2003. Patterson, C. H. Theories of Counselling and Psychotherapy. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1980. Phul, Louis J. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1951. Purayidom, Teresa. Holistic Spirituality in Formation for Consecrated Life: A Study in the Light of Adrian Van Kaam’s Thought. Bangalore: Claretian Publications, 2010. Roberts, Robert C. Spiritual Emotions: A Psychology of Christian Virtue. Michigan: Williams B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2017. Rodrigues, Savio. Discernment How? Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 2008. Rogers, Carl R. On Becoming a Person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961 _____. On Personal Power. New York: A Delta Book, 1977. _____. Client-Centered Psychotherapy. New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1977. _____. “A Way of Being.” Cited in Anatharackel, Psycho-Spiritual Dimensions of Formation: For Priests and Religious. Bangalore: Dharmaram Publications, 2004. Rupnik, Marko Ivan. Discernment: Acquiring the Heart of God. Mumbai: St. Paul Press, 2002. Sahakian, William S. Psychology of Personality. Chicago: Suffolk University Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1965. Saint Athanasius. The Life of Saint Anthony. Translated by Robert T. Meyer. Westminster: The Newman Press, 1950. Schultz, Sydney Ellen, and Duane P. Schultz. Theories of Personality, 8 th edition. Delhi: Rahul Print O Pack, 2007. Sequeira, John F., ed. Transforming Formation: New Horizons for a New Millennium. Mysore: Dhyanavana Publications, 2002. Serrao, Charles. Discernment of Religious Vocation: Formation towards Transformation. Bengaluru: Dhyanavana Publication, 2014. Sharf, Richard S. Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling: Concepts and Cases, 3 rd edition. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 2004. Simoneaux, Henry J. Spiritual Guidance and the Varieties of Character. New York: Pageant press, 1956. Thorne, B. Person-Centered Therapy. London: Harper and Row, 1984. Toner, Jules J. A Commentary on Saint Ignatius’ Rules for the Discernment of Spirits: A Guide to the Principles and Practice. Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1982. Trull, Timothy J. Clinical Psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2001. Van Kaam, Adrian. Formative Spirituality: Vol. 1. Fundamental Formation. New York: Cross roads, 1983. Vanchipurackal, George. Reflections on Priestly Formation. Bangalore: Claretian Publications, 1993. Articles Alappattu, Vincent. “Challenges of Priestly Formation.” Pages 26-28 in Formation & Psychology: Inter-Disciplinary Perspectives. Edited by Tomy Tharayil and Jose Mullakariyil. Punnapra: Danahalaya Publications, 2012. Anatharackel, Mathew. “Spiritual Direction.” Bangalore: Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram, 2005. (Mimeographed) 1-10. Aschenbrenner, George A. “Celibate’s Relationship with God.” Human Development 5, 4 (1984): 38-344. Barry, William A. “Spiritual Direction in Daily Life.” Review of Ignatian Spirituality 34, 1 (2005): 62-71. Bulchand, Alousius. “Discernment of Spirits.” Ignis 33, 2 (2004): 11-33. Carlo, Gretian, et al. “Challenges to Formation and Responses-Formators’ View.” Asian Journal of Vocation and Formation 4, 2 (2010): 45-54. Chaudhuri, Haridas. “The Totally Developed Person.” Theosophical Digest 5, 4 (1993): 13-27. D’ Almeida, and Marie Eugene. “Dynamics of an Integrated Formation Model.” Sanyasa: Journal of Consecrated Life 2, 2 (2007): 154-165. _____. “Significance of Religious Life Today and the Challenges During Formation.” Asian Journal of Vocation and Formation 40, 1 (2015): 35-51. Devdat. “Religious Formation in Biblical Perspective.” In Christo 49, 1 (2011): 28-51. Fernandes, Lancy M. “Discernment for Today.” Ignis 39, 4 (2008): 30-37. Flores, Maria T., and Thomas Piction. “Aspects of Religious Formation.” Human Development 17, 2 (1996): 31-36. Giallanza, J. “Spiritual Direction according to St. John of the Cross.” Pages 196-202 in Spiritual Direction: Contemporary Readings. Edited by Kevin Culligan. New York: Living Flame Press, 1983. _____. “Traveling Together to Emmaus.” Human Development 21, 4 (2000): 13-17. Healey, Charles. “Thomas Merton: Spiritual Director.” Pages 212-229 in Spiritual Direction: Contemporary Readings. Edited by Kevin Culligan. New York: Living Flame Press, 1983. _____. “The Context of Discernment.” Pages 194-211 in Notes on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Edited by David L. Fleming. St. Louis; Review for Religious, 1996. Inigo, Joachim. “Formation in Today’s Context.” Asian Journal of Vocation and Formation 22, 2 (1998): 27-35. Ivan, Fernandez. “The Daily Examen: A Tool for Growth.” Ignis 23, 2 (1994): 82-89. Joseph, John. “Evolution of a Discerning heart in Ignatius as Seen in the Autobiography.” Ignis 42, 1 (2012): 5-46. Kannanthanam, James. “Formation for Love in Religious Life.” Sanyasa: Journal of Consecrated Life 1, 1 (2006): 79-90. Lawler, Michael G., and Todd A. Salzman. “Discernment.” The Furrow 63, 10 (2012): 484-490. Magana, Jaime, and Emilio Gonzalez. “The Challenge in the Formation of Priesthood.” Pages 72-99 in Formation and Transformation. Edited by Sasi Vincent and Timothy Costello. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2010. Malone, S. “The Helping Relationship.” Review for Religious 35, 6 (1976): 146-160. Mathias, Joe. “Environment for Integral Formation to Facilitate Self-Transformation.” Asian Journal of Vocation and Promotion 29, 1 (2004): 22-31. _____. “Integral Formation for Self-Transformation.” Vaihari 12, 1 (2007): 18-29. McCarty, S. “On Entering Spiritual Direction.” Pages 99-115 in Spiritual Direction: Contemporary Readings. Edited by Kevin Culligan. New York: Living Flame Press, 1983. McDowell, Alice. “The Three Dimensions of Spiritual Direction.” Indian Journal of Spirituality 16, 3 (2003): 96-106. Monteiro, Carmelita. “Importance of Self-awareness in Religious Formation.” Asian Journal of Vocation and Formation 28, 2 (2004): 15-20. 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Puthenangady, Antony. “Depth Psychology and Vocation.” Bangalore: Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram, 2005. (Mimeographed) 4-16. _____. “Developmental Psychology” Bangalore: Dharmaram Vidya Kshetram, 2006 (Mimeographed) 1-8. Rich, Tim. “Reflection on Personal Holistic Development.” Human Development 2, 2 (2012): 18-24. Rossi, Robert. “The Distinction between Psychological and Religious Counselling.” Pages 123-147 in Christian Ministry of Spiritual Direction. Edited by David L. Fleming. St. Louis: Review for Religious Publications, 1996. Schneiders, Sandra M. “The Contemporary Ministry of Spiritual Direction.” Cross Currents 45, 2 (1996): 44-53. Serrao, Charles. “Challenges of Priestly and Religious Formation Today.” Dhyana: Journal of Religion and Spirituality 14, 1 (2015): 11-22. Sheets, John R. “Spiritual Direction in the Church.” Pages 55-69 in The Christian Ministry of Spiritual Direction. Edited by David. L. Flaming. St. Louis: A Review for Religious Publication, 1988. _____. “The Four Moments of Prayer.” Pages 160-175 in Notes on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Edited by David L. Fleming. St. Louis: Review for Religious, 1996. Shelton, Charles. “Discernment in Everyday Life: Spiritual and Psychological Considerations.” Spirituality Today 34, 4 (1982): 326-334. Tharappel, T. “Spiritual direction According to St. Theresa of Avila in the Theological and Psychological Perspectives.” Living Word 98, 3 (1992): 223-241. Vallipalam, Mathew M. “Discernment of Vocation at the level of Minor Seminary.” Indian Theological Studies 34, 1 (2002): 15-38. Wall, Kevin A. “Spiritual Director.” Pages 10-19 in Spiritual Direction: Contemporary Readings. Edited by Kevin Culligan. New York: Living Flame Press, 1983. Wallace, F. “Spiritual Direction.” Review for Religious 44, 12 (1985): 197-203. Internet Franciscan Mission Service. “8 Characteristics of Discernment.” https: // franciscanmissionservice.org/2014/04/takeaway-wednesday-8-characteristics of-discernment/ [Accessed on 14 October, 2018]. Green, Christopher. “Classics in the History of Psychology, Internet Resource Developed.” https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Rogers/personality.htm [Accessed on 11 December, 2018]. Kosloski, Philip. “Saint Ignatius’ 8 Rules for the discernment of Spirits.” https://aleteia.org/2018/07/31/here-are-st-ignatius-8-rules-for-the-discernment of-spirits/ [Accessed on 14 October, 2018] ; TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................v DECLARATION......................................................................................................VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................ IX TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... XI ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................ XXI GENERAL INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE DISCERNMENT OF VOCATION IN PRIESTLY FORMATION 1.1 MEANING AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISCERNMENT .......................................8 1.1.1 Nature and Need of Discernment................................................................10 1.1.2 Characteristics of Discernment...................................................................11 1.1.3 Stages of Discernment ................................................................................12 1.1.4 Process of Discernment...............................................................................13 1.1.5 Internal Factors of Discernment..................................................................13 1.1.6 External Factors of Discernment ................................................................14 1.2 BIBLICAL BASIS OF DISCERNMENT...................................................................14 1.2.1 Discernment in the Old Testament .............................................................15 1.2.1.1 Choose Life..........................................................................................15 1.2.1.2 Hearing the Word of God ....................................................................16 1.2.2 Discernment in the New Testament............................................................16 1.2.2.1 Discernment in the Life of Mary and Joseph.......................................17 1.2.2.2 Discernment in the Life of Jesus..........................................................17 1.2.2.3 Discernment in Synoptic Gospels........................................................18 1.2.2.4 Discernment in the Life of St. Paul......................................................18 1.3 DISCERNMENT ACCORDING TO CHURCH FATHERS..........................................19 1.3.1 Discernment and the Early Church Fathers................................................19 1.3.2 Discernment and the Monastic Life............................................................20 1.3.3 Discernment in the Mendicant Tradition ....................................................21 1.4 MAGISTERIAL TEACHINGS ON DISCERNMENT .................................................21 1.4.1 Vita Consecrata...........................................................................................22 1.4.2 Perfectae Caritatis.......................................................................................22 1.4.3 Optatam Totius............................................................................................23 1.4.4 Pastores Dabo Vobis...................................................................................23 1.4.5 Directives on Formation in Religious Institutes .........................................24 1.4.6 Gaudete Et Exsultate...................................................................................25 1.4.6.1 Discernment always in the Light of the Lord ......................................26 1.4.6.2 Discernment is a Supernatural Gift......................................................26 1.4.6.3 Ultimately, Discernment Leads to the Wellspring of Undying Life....26 1.5 HOW TO ACQUIRE THE ART OF DISCERNMENT ...............................................27 1.6 ROLE OF DISCERNMENT IN DECISION MAKING ...............................................28 1.7 ROLE OF PRAYER IN DISCERNMENT.................................................................28 1.7.1 Pre-Requisites for Discernment in Prayer...................................................29 1.7.2 Listening .....................................................................................................29 1.7.3 Seeing..........................................................................................................30 1.7.4 Response .....................................................................................................30 1.7.5 Action..........................................................................................................31 1.8 DISCERNMENT IN DAILY LIFE...........................................................................31 1.9 THE CONCEPT OF DISCERNMENT IN IGNATIAN APPROACH ............................32 1.9.1 Discernment of the Spirits ..........................................................................33 1.9.2 Spiritual Consolation ..................................................................................34 1.9.3 Spiritual Desolation ....................................................................................34 1.10 RULES OF DISCERNMENT OF SPIRIT ...............................................................35 1.10.1 The Operation of Good and Evil Spirits...................................................37 1.10.2 Storing Up the Graces of Consolation ......................................................37 1.10.3 Do Not Change Earlier Decision ..............................................................37 1.10.4 Patience in Discernment ...........................................................................38 1.11 REASONS FOR DESOLATION ............................................................................38 1.11.1 Personal Fault............................................................................................38 1.11.2 Time of Rest..............................................................................................38 1.11.3 Free Gift....................................................................................................39 1.12 SIGNS OF THE DIVINE AND EVIL SPIRITS........................................................39 1.13 THEOLOGY OF DISCERNMENT ........................................................................40 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................41 CHAPTER TWO ROLE OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION IN FORMATION 2.1 MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION....................................42 2.1.1 Goal and Significance of Spiritual Direction..............................................43 2.1.2 Spiritual Direction, Director, Directee........................................................45 2.1.3 What Spiritual Direction Is Not ..................................................................45 2.1.4 Necessity and Usefulness of Spiritual Direction ........................................46 2.2 TYPES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION......................................................................47 2.2.1 Formal Spiritual Direction ..........................................................................47 2.2.2 Informal Spiritual Direction or Companionship.........................................47 2.3 STAGES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...................................................................48 2.3.1 Initiation......................................................................................................48 2.3.2 Exploration..................................................................................................48 2.3.3 Insight .........................................................................................................48 2.3.4 Personalization............................................................................................48 2.3.5 Orientation ..................................................................................................49 2.4 BIBLICAL BASIS FOR SPIRITUAL DIRECTION....................................................49 2.4.1 Spiritual Direction in the Old Testament....................................................49 2.4.2 Spiritual Direction in the New Testament ..................................................49 2.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION...................................50 2.6 THREE DIMENSIONS OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION...............................................51 2.6.1 Relation between Director and God............................................................51 2.6.2 Relation between Directee and God ...........................................................52 2.6.3 Relation between Director and Directee .....................................................52 2.7 SKILLS INVOLVED IN SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...................................................53 2.7.1 Empathetic Listening ..................................................................................53 2.7.2 Affirmation .................................................................................................53 2.7.3 Confrontation ..............................................................................................54 2.7.4 Clarification ................................................................................................54 2.7.5 Accountability.............................................................................................54 2.8 ROLE OF THE SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR.................................................................55 2.8.1 Spiritual Director as a Guide.......................................................................55 2.8.2 Spiritual Director as the Agent of the Holy Spirit ......................................56 2.8.3 Spiritual Director as the Healer...................................................................57 2.9 PRINCIPLES OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION.............................................................57 2.9.1 Inter-Personal Process of Growth in Faith..................................................57 2.9.2 Fostering a Discerning Heart ......................................................................57 2.9.3 Communal and Ecclesial.............................................................................58 2.9.4 Provide an Atmosphere of Unconditional Love .........................................58 2.9.5 Facilitate the Work of the Holy Spirit.........................................................59 2.9.6 Immanent and Transcendent.......................................................................59 2.10 QUALITIES OF A SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR..........................................................59 2.10.1 Mature Personality....................................................................................60 2.10.2 Experience in the Spiritual Life ................................................................60 2.10.3 Competence in Spiritual Theology ...........................................................61 2.10.4 Prudence or Good Judgment.....................................................................61 2.10.5 Holiness.....................................................................................................61 2.10.6 Vigilance ...................................................................................................61 2.11 PRINCIPAL DUTIES OF THE SPIRITUAL DIRECTOR.........................................62 2.11.1 To Know the Soul that is Directed............................................................62 2.11.2 To Give Instruction...................................................................................62 2.11.3 To Encourage the Soul..............................................................................63 2.11.4 To Correct Defects....................................................................................63 2.11.5 To Direct through Progressive Stages.......................................................63 2.11.6 To Observe Secrecy ..................................................................................64 2.12 THE EFFECTS OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION........................................................64 2.12.1 Growth in Prayer Life ...............................................................................64 2.12.2 Trust ..........................................................................................................65 2.12.3 Gentleness.................................................................................................65 2.12.4 Forgiveness...............................................................................................65 2.12.5 Universal Love..........................................................................................65 2.13 ROLE OF SPIRITUAL DIRECTION IN FORMATION ...........................................65 2.13.1 Self-Awareness.........................................................................................67 2.13.2 Self-Acceptance ........................................................................................67 2.13.3 Self-Appreciation......................................................................................67 2.13.4 Self-Determination....................................................................................67 2.14 HOLISTIC GROWTH OF FORMEES THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION ...........68 2.14.1 Growth towards Christ’s Likeness............................................................68 2.14.2 Growth towards Others.............................................................................68 2.14.3 Growth towards Nature.............................................................................69 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................69 CHAPTER THREE PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN FORMATION 3.1 THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY .......................................................................71 3.1.1 The Difference between Psychotherapy and Counselling ..........................71 3.1.2 Biographical Sketch of Carl Rogers ...........................................................72 3.1.3 Historical Background to Person-Centred Approach .................................73 3.2 THE CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .....................74 3.2.1 Anchored in the Phenomenological Tradition ............................................75 3.2.2 The Phenomenal Field ................................................................................76 3.2.3 The Phenomenal Self..................................................................................76 3.2.4 Self-Actualization .......................................................................................77 3.2.5 How the Self is Formed ..............................................................................78 3.2.6 Development of Personality........................................................................78 3.3 GOAL OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH..........................................................79 3.4 MAJOR FOCUS OF THE PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH....................................80 3.5 VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE.................................................................................80 3.6 KEY CONCEPTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .........................................81 3.6.1 Congruence .................................................................................................81 3.6.2 Acceptance and Unconditional Positive Regard.........................................82 3.6.3 Empathy ......................................................................................................83 3.6.4 Non-Judgmental Attitude............................................................................83 3.6.5 Self-Actualization .......................................................................................84 3.7 DEFENSE ACCORDING TO ROGERS. ..................................................................84 3.8 ROGERS’ VIEW OF THE FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON ...................................84 3.8.1 Openness to Experience..............................................................................85 3.8.2 Existential Living........................................................................................85 3.8.3 Experiential Freedom..................................................................................85 3.8.4 Creativity.....................................................................................................86 3.9 POSITIVE ELEMENTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN FORMATION .......86 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................86 CHAPTER FOUR PRAXIS OF DISCERNMENT THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION AND PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH IN PRIESTLY FORMATION 4.1 NATURE OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ..................................................................89 4.2 GOALS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ....................................................................90 4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION.................................................90 4.3.1 Process or Journey of Integration...........................................................91 4.3.2 Service of Accompaniment.....................................................................91 4.3.3 On-Going Process....................................................................................92 4.3.4 Enlightenment ..........................................................................................92 4.3.5 Participation in and with Christ..............................................................93 4.4 BIBLICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PRIESTLY FORMATION .....................................93 4.5 PRIESTLY FORMATION IN THE POST NEW-TESTAMENT PERIOD............94 4.6 CHURCH TEACHINGS ON PRIESTLY FORMATION.............................................94 4.6.1 Council of Trent.......................................................................................95 4.6.2 Second Vatican Council..........................................................................95 4.6.3 Pastores Dabo Vobis................................................................................96 4.7 DIMENSIONS OF PRIESTLY FORMATION ...........................................................97 4.7.1 Human Formation ....................................................................................97 4.7.2 Intellectual Formation .............................................................................98 4.7.3 Psychological Formation.........................................................................99 4.7.4 Pastoral Formation......................................................................................99 4.7.5 Spiritual Formation................................................................................100 4.8 CHALLENGES IN PRIESTLY FORMATION ........................................................101 4.8.1 Lack of Quest for God...........................................................................101 4.8.2 Lack of Faith and Trust in God ............................................................102 4.8.3 Lack of Proper Motivation....................................................................102 4.8.4 Lack of Inner Freedom and Courage ...................................................103 4.8.5 Lack of Consistency ..............................................................................103 4.8.6 Lack of Self-Awareness, Self-Acceptance and Self-Esteem............103 4.8.7 Attachment and Intimacy......................................................................104 4.8.8 Groupism and Competition...................................................................104 4.8.9 Lack of Good Relationship Between Formator and Formee ............104 4.8.10 Poor Family Background and Recruitment of Candidates .............105 4.8.11 Lack of Qualified and Committed Formators..................................105 4.8.12 Negative Impact of Mass Media ........................................................106 4.9 DISCERNMENT THROUGH PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH .............................106 4.9.1 Accomplishing a Person-Oriented Formation....................................107 4.9.2 Building-up Mutual Trust .....................................................................107 4.9.3 Acquiring Autonomy.............................................................................108 4.9.4 Taking-up Initiative ...............................................................................108 4.9.5 Discovering One’s Identity...................................................................108 4.9.6 Accepting Candidates as ‘They are’....................................................109 4.9.7 Having Genuine Congruence ...............................................................109 4.9.8 Showing Acceptance and Unconditional Positive Regard................109 4.9.9 Showing Empathy..................................................................................110 4.10 EFFECTS OF PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH.................................................110 4.10.1 Fully Functioning Person or Priests...................................................110 4.10.2 Growth in Freedom and Openness ....................................................111 4.10.3 Transformation from Self-Centeredness to Other-Centeredness...111 4.10.4 Growth in Self-Awareness..................................................................112 4.10.5 Growth in Self-Acceptance ................................................................112 4.10.6 Growth in Self-Transcendence...........................................................113 4.11 DISCERNMENT THROUGH SPIRITUAL DIRECTION........................................113 4.11.1 Role of Spiritual Direction in Priestly Life.......................................113 4.11.2 Spiritual Direction in the Context of Priestly Formation................114 4.11.3 Effects of Spiritual Direction in Priestly Life ..................................115 CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................115 GENERAL CONCLUSION....................................................................................118 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................123 ER -