Computers and Programming language Types of Computers, 2 History of Computers, 3 Organization of Computer Components, 6 Types of Memory, 7 Main Memory, 7 Auxiliary Memory, 8 Input/Output Devices, 13 Classification of Computers According to size, 19 Computer Scene in India, 23 Batch-Processing and Interactive-Processing Systems, 24 The Key-Board, 27 Computer Languages, 29 Stages of Program Development, 33 Flowcharting 36 Guidelines for Writing a Flowchart, 36 Examples, 38 introduction to Bask 42 Constants in Basic, 43 Variables in Basic, 44 Arithmetic Expressions, 46 The Program Structure, 48 Telling the Computer What to do, 50 System Commands, 51 1 3.8 Storing and Retrieving Programs, 52 3.9 A Sample Program, 52 lnput/Omtpmt Statements The Assignment (LET) Statement, 56 Program Input, 60 Program Output, 65 The REM Statement, 73 Editing, 74 Program Control Branching Operations, 78 Loop Control Statement, 88 Program Termination, 94 Array Handling Naming Arrays, 101 Defining Array Dimensions, 102 MAT Commands in Basic, 109 Character Strings, 115 Functions and Subroutines Built-in Functions, 123 String Functions, 131 User-Defined Functions (DBF), 133 Subroutines, 137 Procesitaf Filet i Basic Sequential and Direct Access Files, 143 Creating and Editing a Sequential File, 145 Channels and Files, !45 Reading and Writing Sequential Files, 148 Random Access/Direct Access Files, ISO Further points, 156 Plotting art Graphic Display Development of Graphics System, I5S 913 Types of Graphics, 160 Graphics Input Devices, 160 Graphics Output Devices, 161 Plotters, 161 Programming the Display, 163 Plotting on the Teletype Terminal, 163 Graphics Patterns Using Standard Basic Routines, 166 Debugging art other Versions of Basic Error Detection and Correction, 175 Program Design, 176 Other Versions of Basic, 180 ANSI Minimal Basic, 180 Documentation of Computer Programs, 114