Child Development and Personality

includes index and biblioraphy

Chapter I Introduction 1 Some Historical Perspectives 3 Emergence of Child Psychology as a Scientific Discipline Contemporary Child Psychology: Recent Trends 16 Ethical Issues in Research 20 Chapter 2 Theory in Developmental Psychology The Reasons for Developmental Psychology 27 The Reasons for Behavior-the Goals of Development and the Nature of the Child 29 A cognitive-Adaptive Approach to Development 33 The Theory of Jean Piaget 33 Learning Theory 40 Types of Learning 43 Basic Conditions of Learning 49 Part I The Prenatal Period 61 Chapter 3 Genetic and Prenatal Factors in Developmw Beginings of Life 66 Hereditary Transmission 66 Determining the Extent of Genetic Influences 73 Results of Human Genetic Research 76 Prenatal Development 86 How Conception Occurs 87 The Earliest Period of Development 88 Prenatal Environmental Influences 93 Heredity plays a great role in the development of a child`s personality. But PART II THE FIRST TWO YEARS The`Newborn Basic Needs Infants Development of Language Cognitive Activity 238 Piagelfs Later Stages of Intelligence 266 The Role of Motives and Expectancy 275 Summary 278 Chapter 8 Intelligence 283 Types of Intelligence Tests 286 Effects of Environment and Personality on Intelligence Test Performance Intelligence, Heredity, Environment, and Race 300 Changing Cognitive Functioning 304 Summary 311 PART IV PRESCHOOL YEARS Chapter 9 Preschool Personality Development 317 Socialization 318 Sexual Motives and Curiosity 321 Hostility and Aggression 322 Dependency 331 Fear and Anxiety 337 Mastery Motivation 343 Identification 345 Sex Typing 348 Conscience Development and Prosocial Behavior 352 Personality and Social Learning in the Home 354 PART V MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 369 Chapter 10 Development in Middle Childhood 371 I. Personality Development and Problems of Adjustment 371 Influence of the Family in Middle Childhood 371 Development of Conscience and Moral Standards 390 Psychological and Psychophysiological Problems of Middle Childhood 397 Psychological Problems of Minority Group Membership 409 Summary 417 Chapter 11 Development in Middle Childhood II. Expansion of Social Environment 434 The Adjustment to School 435 Socioeconomic Status, Educational Aspiration, and School Achievement 448 Parental and Peer Influences on Educational Aspiration 450 The School and the Disadvantaged Student 453 School Dropouts 456 Relations with Peers 460 Summary 468 PART VI ADOLESCENCE Chapter 12 Adolescence 489 I. Physical Change, Sex and Social Development 489 Physical Development in Adolescence 491 Psychological Aspects of Adolescent Growth and Development 496 Effects of Adolescent Mental Growth on Psychological Development 499 Developmental Tasks of Adolescence 503 The Development of Adolescent Independence 504 Sexual Attitudes and Behavior in the Adolescent 510 Adolescents and their Peers 519 Vocational Choice 524 Chapter 13 Adolescence 544 II. Identity, Values, and Alienation Identity 545 Moral Values and latrapsychi Conflicts 551 Alienation 555 Alternative life Styles: Activism Versus Dropping Out 558 Adolescents and Drugs 564 Juvenile Delinquency 571