A Concise Introduction to Logic

includes index and biblioraphy

1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions 1 1.2 Recognizing Arguments 14 1.3 Deduction and Induction 31 1.4 Validity,Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency 41 1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity 52 1.6 Extended Arguments 59 2 Language: Meaning and Definition 73 2.1 Varieties of Meaning 73 2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms 82 2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes 86 2.4 Definitional Techniques 94 2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions 103 3 Informal Fallacies 110 3.1 Fallacies in General 110 3.2 Fallacies of Relevance 113 3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction 128 3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy 144 3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language 167 4 Categorical Propositions 184 4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions 184 4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 186 4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition 191 4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 199 4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 209 4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint 219 4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form 226 5 Categorical Syllogisms 237 5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 237 5.2 Venn Diagrams 244 5.3 Rules and Fallacies 256 5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms 264 5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments 266 5.6 Enthymemes 269 5.7 Sorites 274 6 Propositional Logic 280 6.1 Symbols and Translation 280 6.2 Truth Functions 291 6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions 302 6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments 310 6.5 Indirect Truth Tables 314 6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies 320 7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 338 7.1 Rules of Implication I 338 7.2 Rules of Implication II 349 7.3 Rules of Replacement I 358 7.4 Rules of Replacement II 368 7.5 Conditional Proof 379 7.6 Indirect Proof 383 7.7 Proving Logical Truths 388 8 Predicate Logic 392 8.1 Symbols and Translation 392 8.2 Using the Rules of Inference 401 8.3 Change of Quantifier Rule 411 8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof 415 8.5 Proving Invalidity 420 8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers 426 8.7 Identity 437 9 Induction 451 9.1 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 451 9.2 Causality and Mill`s Methods 469 9.3 Probability 490 9.4 Statistical Reasoning 506 9.5 Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning 525 9.6 Science and Superstition 544