The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire

includes index and biblioraphy

PART I CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE WITHIN THE HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK The Christological Problem in the Early Middle Ages 9 1. The seventh-century watershed in the Byzantine Empire 9 2. The theological background to seventh-century monotheletism 10 3. Monenergism and monotheletism against a background of imperial crisis 13 4. The Quinisext council (691-692) 24 The Iconoclast Controversy 726-843 30 1. The North Syrian rulers: the first phase 726-787 30 The background to the eighth-century crisis The opening conflict under Leo III Constantine V and the council of 754 2. The first restoration of the icons 44 The Empress Irene and the council of Nicaea (787) Conflicting currents 787-843 Irene and Constantine VI Nicephorus I, Michael I, and the Patriarch Nicephorus (802-813) 3. The second phase of iconoclasm 55 4. The restoration of orthodoxy in 843: the Synodicon 62 5. The significance of the controversy over icons 65 III. The Age of Photius 843-886 69 1. Patriarch Methodius (843-847): the first patriarchate of Ignatius (847-858) 69 2. Photius`s first patriarchate (858-867) 72 3. Ignatius`s second patriarchate (867-877); the council of Constantinople (869-870) 79 4. Photius`s second patriarchate (877-886): the council of 879-880: the alleged second Photian schism 83 5. Photius—churchman and humanist 86 6. Byzantine missionary activities in the early middle ages 90 IV. Leo VI`s Dilemma: Nicholas Mysticus and Euthymius 886-925 102 1. Leo VI: the Emperor`s fourth marriage 102 2. Nicholas I`s second patriarchate (912-925): the interdependence of church and state 108 V. The Patriarchate (925-1025): The Predominance of Constantinople 1. Co-operation and criticism 925—970 iii 2. The imperial advance in the East: the Muslims and the non-Chalcedonian Churches 114 3. Caucasian and North Pontic regions: Russia 116 4. Byzantium and South Italy 119 VI. Increasing Pressures on Constantinople and the Widening Gap 102 5-1204 124 1. Impending threats 124 2. Patriarchs (1025-1081) 127 3. 1081: a new era or continuity? 141 4. Philosophers and theologians: individual heretics: ecclesiastical currents 142 5. The dualist heresies 156 6. Relations with the West 167 VII. The Effects of the Fourth Crusade 1204-1261 184 1. The patriarchate of Constantinople 1204-1261: the Latins in occupation 184 2. Ecclesiastical organization within the various Latin conquests 192 (i) Greece and the Cyclades (ii) Venetian conquests: Crete (iii) Cyprus 3. Thirteenth-century rival Byzantine churches: Nicaea and Epirus 206 4. The Nicaean Empire and Rome 211 VIII. Contacts: Failure and Achievement 1258-1453 220 1. Michael VIII Palaeologus and the papacy: Byzantine doubts concerning union 1258-1274 221 2. Michael VIII and the council of Lyons (1274) 3. Byzantine reaction to the union 1274-1282 235 4. Andronicus II and Andronicus III: internal problems: Josephites and Arsenites: repudiation of the union 243 5. Patriarch Athanasius I and his immediate successors 249 6. Renewed contacts with the West under Andronicus II and Andronicus III 255 7. Palamite problems 257 8. John V Palaeologus and John VI Cantacuzenus: Constantinople and the West 260 9. Manuel II: the council of Ferrara-Florence and after 267 10. The authority of the Byzantine Church in the later middle ages (c. 1334-1453) 2M PART II ORGANIZATION AND LIFE OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN BYZANTIUM 1. CoUegiality: the emergence of the pentarchy; the position of Constantinople 2. The patriarchate of Constantinople and the Emperor 3. Canon law: the nomocanons 4. The Notitiae Episcopatuum: the higher clergy and imperial ceremonial 310 5. The oecumenical Patriarch and his election 312 6. Patriarchal administration: the major ofTicials of the Great Church 314 7. The patriarchal synod: the metropolitans 318 8. Secular clergy in the provinces (eparchies) and in the dioces