CEMS ( Continuous Emission Monitoring System) A Technical Guidance Manual

includes index and biblioraphy

1. Introduction ...13 Benefits of CEMS ...14 General concepts of CEMS ...15 2. Sampling techniques ...17 Extractive type systems ...18 Source level ( non-dilution) extractive systems ...18 Dilution extractive systems ...20 Non- extractive (in situ) systems ...20 Point in situ ...20 Cross stack monitors ...20 Predictive emission monitoring and parameter surrogate Nonextractive ...20 3. Methods for particulate monitoring ...23 Transmissometry ...24 Light scattering ...29 Extractive light scatter PM-CEMS for flue gas below dew point (Wet stack) ...32 Optical scintillation ...32 Probe electrification instruments ...34 Triboelectric systems ...35 Ac triboelectric systems ...36 Extractive beta attenuation for flue gas below dew point (wet stack) ...37 4. Gaseous continuous emission monitors ...39 Optical methods for the analysis of gases ...40 Simple non disersive infrared (NDIR) ...40 Luft detector (NDIR) ...41 Photoacoustic detector ....41 Gas filter correlation (NDIR) ...42 Differental optical absorption spectroscopy ...44 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ...45 Non dispersive ultraviolet ...46 Ultraviolet fluorescence ...47 Chemiluminescence analyzers ...47 Tunable diode laserts absorption spectroscopy ...48 Non optical instrumental techniques for the analysis of gases ...49 Electrochmical cells ...49 Condutivity (conductometric) analyser ...49 Flame ionisation defector ...50 Photo ionisation detector ...51 Gas chromatography ...52 Mass spectrometry ...52 Potentiometic analysis (automated wet analysis by ion specific electrodes) ...53 Zirconia analyzer ...53 Paramagnetic analyzers ...54 Pollutants measuring technolgies ...56 5. Monitoring other gaseous parameters ...59 Gas flow rate ...60 Ultrasonic flow monitors ...60 Plot tubes ...61 Averaging differential pressure prode ...61 Thermal flow monitors ...62 Infrared cross correlation ...63 Vortex shedding flow meters ...63 Water vapour context ...63 Non dispersive IR photometry with extractive sampling ...64 Dispersive photometry in situ ...64 Automatic psychrometry ...64 Temperature and pressure ...64 6. Regulatory requirements ...65 Regulatory requirements for CEMS in India ...66 Requlatory requirements for CEMS in US ...67 Requlatory requirements for CEMS in Europe ...69 Emission limit values (ELV) ...70 Role of parties in monitoring regime ...73 7. Selection ...75 8. Installation requirement ...81 Choosing a sample location ...82 Other provisions for sample location ...85 For system with particulate and gas analyzers ...85 Other provisions for systems with gas analyzers ...85 Sample ports ...85 Standard refernce method ...88 Special conditions in India ...89 9. Quality assurance and control ...91 EU and US approaches to quality assurance of CEMS ...92 EN - 14181 : The European approach ...94 US approach to quality assurance on CEMS ...97 10. Calibration requirements for PM and gaseous CEMS ...101 Callibration procedure in EU ...102 EN-14181 details of calibration procedure in EU ...102 Calibration requiremwnts in India ...122 Criteria for acceptance of CEMS field performance ...123 11. Data acquisition and handling system ...125 Principles of operation of the DAHS ...127 General ...127 Data acquisition ...128 Functional test ...130 Raw data stroage ...131 Calculation of first level data ...131 Storage of FLD ...131 Storage of STA ...131 Storage of standardized STA ...131 Time stamping ...131 Warnings alarms and violations ...132 Event log ...132 Configuration ...132 Reports ...133 General ...133 Reports on request ...133 Configuration report ...133 Data security ...134 Availability of the DAHS ...134 Tamper-proof data transfer ...134 Preventing loss of Data ...134 Data back up ...134 Configuration back up ...135 Re installation of program ...135 DAHS verification and sealing ...135 Time management ...136 Data acquisitionand handling system in India ...137